The Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson River System

The Jefferson-Mississippi-Missouri River system is the fourth largest river system in the world and serves transportation, industry, and recreation as the most important inland waterway in North America. Its drainage basin collects water from 41% of the contiguous United States, covering a total area of more than 1,245,000 square miles (3,224,535 square kilometers) and touching 31 U.S. states and 2 Canadian provinces in all. The Missouri River, the longest river in the United States, the Mississippi River, the second longest river in the United States, and Jefferson River combine to form this system at a total length of 3,979 miles (6,352 km). (The Mississippi-Missouri River combined is 3,709 miles or 5,969 km). The river system begins in Montana at the Red Rocks River, which quickly turns into the Jefferson River. The Jefferson then combines with the Madison and Gallatin Rivers at Three Forks, Montana to form the Missouri River. After winding through North Dakota and South Dakota, the Missouri River forms part of the boundary between South Dakota and Nebraska, and Nebraska and Iowa. Upon reaching Missouri state, the Missouri river joins up with the Mississippi River about 20 miles north of St. Louis. The Illinois River also joins with the Mississippi at this point. Later, in Cairo, Illinois, the Ohio River joins the Mississippi River. This connection separates the Upper Mississippi and the Lower Mississippi, and doubles the water capacity of the Mississippi. The Arkansas River flows in to the Mississippi River north of Greenville, Mississippi. The final junction with the Mississippi River is the Red River, north of Marksville, Louisiana. The Mississippi River eventually splits up in to a number of different channels, called distributaries, emptying into the Gulf of Mexico at various points and forming a delta, a triangular shaped alluvial plain composed of silt. About 640,000 cubic feet (18,100 cubic meters) is emptied in to the Gulf every second. The system can easily be broken in to seven different basin regions based on the major tributaries of the Mississippi River: Missouri River Basin, Arkansas-White River Basin, Red River Basin, Ohio River Basin, Tennessee River Basin, Upper Mississippi River Basin, and Lower Mississippi River Basin. The Formation of The Mississippi River System More recently, about two million years ago, glaciers upwards of 6,500 feet thick repeatedly encroached upon and retreated from the land. When the last ice age ended approximately 15,000 years ago, massive quantities of water were left behind to form the lakes and rivers of North America. The Jefferson-Mississippi-Missouri River system is just one of the many water features that fill the giant swath of plain between the Appalachian Mountains of the east and the Rocky Mountains of the West. History of Transportation and Industry on the Mississippi River System Beginning in the early 1800s, steamboats took over as the dominant mode of transportation on the river ways of the system. Pioneers of business and exploration used the rivers as a means of getting around and shipping their products. Beginning in the 1930s, the government facilitated the navigation of the system’s waterways by building and maintaining several canals. Today, the Jefferson-Mississippi-Missouri River System is used primarily for industrial transportation, carrying agricultural and manufactured goods, iron, steel, and mine products from one end of the country to the other. The Mississippi River and the Missouri River, the two major stretches of the system, see 460 million short tons (420 million metric tons) and 3.25 million short tons (3.2 million metric tons) of freight transported every year. Large barges pushed by tugboats are the most common way of getting things around. The immense commerce that takes place along the system has fostered the growth of countless cities and communities. Some of the most important include Minneapolis, Minnesota; La Crosse, Wisconsin; St. Louis, Missouri; Columbus, Kentucky; Memphis, Tennessee; and Baton Rouge and New Orleans, Louisiana. Concerns Dams and levees are the most common guard against destructive floods. Important ones along the Missouri and Ohio Rivers limit the amount of water that enters the Mississippi. Dredging, the practice of removing sediment or other material from the bottom of the river, makes the rivers more navigable, but also increases the amount of water the river can hold – this poses a bigger risk for flooding. Pollution is another distress to the river system. Industry, while providing jobs and general wealth, also produces a large amount of waste that has no other outlet but in to the rivers. Insecticides and fertilizers are also washed away in to the rivers, disrupting ecosystems at the point of entry and further down stream as well. Government regulations have curbed these pollutants but pollutants still find their way in to the waters.

One Who Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Comparison to Hamlet

Madness, Power, Rebellion, and Conformity are some of the many themes that prevail in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest and Hamlet both express similar messages of sanity vs. insanity, control, and compliance through their characters. There is a thin line between normal and abnormal as depicted in Keseys and Shakespeares work. One must ponder the question; is McMurphy mentally ill or is he just a schemer rebelling? The doctor commented, ...Dont overlook the possibility that this man might be feigning psychosis to escape the drudgery of the work farm...And what about that McMurphy? (Kesey 46). The doctor in the mental hospital is telling McMurphy that many other patients and himself included arent fully convinced of his insanity. Similarly, Hamlets madness is up for debate. The only difference is that Hamlet pretends to be mentally unsound, but throughout the play one could argue he descends into madness. Queen Gertrude expands her thoughts of her son calling him Mad as the se a and wind... (Shakespeare 4.1.7). Hamlet pleads to his mother that he is sane but he must convince King Claudius otherwise. She responded with certainty that her son is far gone. McMurphy and Hamlet are both characters whose state of mind whether sane or insane, greatly influence the people surrounding them. Power and control are overbearing characteristics for some individuals in the works of literature. Claudius killed his own blood blood brother to gain the crown, kingdom, and

Battle of Atlantic Free Essays

In the fall of 1939, the Atlantic Ocean was the dramatic setting of a fierce battle between the British and the Germans. At the time, most people thought that the Battle of the Atlantic may have decided World War II’s outcome. This battle was the deciding factor throughout the war. We will write a custom essay sample on Battle of Atlantic or any similar topic only for you Order Now The battle of the Atlantic was a violent and destructive battle. Many people lost their lives fighting in this battle. New technology was one of the major factors in helping the allies win the long and crucial Battle of the Atlantic. The Battle of the Atlantic was a violent and destructive battle which caused chaos in the ocean. Many ships were built then blown up or sunk in sea and some may have survived. This battle was so violent and destructive that each side had its own strategy planned out exactly at when to use it. The allies mass-produced over 100 corvettes in 1943 and by 1945 the allies ships turned from 38 – 410 ship because in the spring of 1941, u-boats sunk about 500,000 tons of shipping good each month (u-boats are German submarines). May 1943 was the turning point of the allies. The allies moved from the defensive strategy to offensive; instead of the Germans hunting us, the RCN (Royal Canadian Navy) and company hunted them. By July, the Germans were only capable to destroy/sink 20 ships per month. â€Å"The Battle of the Atlantic was the only thing that ever frightened me. † –Winston Churchill One of the reasons that the Germans got so many kills was because they used a strategy called ‘wolf packs. ’ This strategy involves hunting in packs instead of separately; they would hunt with 3-4 ships minimum. Everyone was devastated when this battle erupted; it caused a lot of deaths as well as nightmares for the ones who survived. Up to this day, no one can forget this horrific battle because it was the longest running battle during World War II which was also one of the most destructive ones with the thousands of ships submerged beneath the cold, dark waters of the Atlantic During the 2,075 days of the Battle of the Atlantic, there were many deaths as well as ships sunk on each of the 2 sides. It may have seemed that Germany sunk more ships because they achieved to sink over 1000 ships in 600 months but they were the ones that lost the most. One of the reasons Canada joined the war is because the Germans sunk a passenger ship ‘SS Athenia’ on the coast of Ireland on September 3, 1939 which resulted in 4 Canadians killed. The Germans might have sunk the ship by accident or on purpose but either way, they have killed 4 Canadians and the prime minster was not pleased. There were 95,000 uniformed men and women in the navy. After the war, 2,210 Canadians died; 6 of them were women, 24 warships and 2,900 other ships (merchants etc) sunk including 14 million tons of shipping goods. On the other hand, the Germans lost 800 u-boats, 42 enemy surface crafts and 30,000 of the 39,000 Germans never returned. Although many Canadians died in this ongoing battle, we (the navy) commemorate them for their actions during this battle every year on the first Sunday of May. The allies (RC/RCN) struggled throughout the war because of the lack of technology. In the 1940’s a new sonar system was created to help the allies detect the enemies. In the beginning, the allies only had an early type of sonar called ‘ASDIC’ (Allied Submarine Detection Investigation Committee). ASDIC was most effective when used underwater where the allies could detect long range u-boats but on surface, the u-boats were undetectable. As the war continued, allies were equipped with a better, more advanced sonar system which could detect u-boats underwater and even on the surface in dense fog; the allies perfected the technique ‘Radio Directional Finding’ (RDF) as they received this new enhanced technology. With the new technology in hand, the allies had a special feature; they could locate wolf packs accurately using the u-boat radio transmissions. The results of the new features and technological innovations were fantastic; the allies could hold their ground against the u-boats when escorting ships such as merchants etc. Since we now have the advanced technology of the sonar from the battle, our sonar technology is improving every day. When the Battle of the Atlantic came to an end, World War II was close to the end. With many injured, dead and submerged under the waters of the Atlantic, they helped the allies win the battle and defeat the Germans as well as innovating the sonar and navy technology. Every year on the first Sunday of May, the navy would commemorate the ones who fought in the Battle of the Atlantic as they did some heroic actions leading the allies into victory! Bibliography http://wwii.ca/page-54/-battle-of-the-atlantic-.html How to cite Battle of Atlantic, Essay examples

Hospitality Workforce Issues Tourism Industry

Question: Discuss about the Hospitality Workforce Issues for Tourism Industry. Answer: Introduction The critical situation in hospitality industry rose due to the unskilled labour and skilled labour shortage problem. There are various workforce agendas which drives the goals of the industry in a wrong way. There are not enough evidences for maintaining this imbalance in near future. So there this industry needs to specify the importance of this issue. There are different literature reviews available for rectifying these issues which are causing the damage to the hospitality industry and creating massive reduction in motivational perspective (Hoque, 2013). The review provided in this paper is concerned about the demands of the hospitality industry and how the unskilled labour is hampering the growth of the industry in Australia from different perspective is discussed in details. The government and academia can provide a good work culture to overcome this crisis related to the current crisis of unskilled labour in the hospitality sector of Australia (Riley, 2014). The shortages of labour are not just only about the recruitment activities but also involves the retention strategies. This paper provides the multi-faced approaches not only identifies the dominant issues but also recognizes the interrelation among these issues. Literature review A literature search was undertaken regarding the hospitality workforce issue related to the unskilled labour and skill shortage problem in the hospitality industry. Filters were applicable for the literature published before 2000 in order to make this review more convenient with the recently updated data regarding the responses found from the survey done on unskilled labour issue of the hospitality industry (Boella Goss-Turner, 2013). Particular attention is given to the articles publishing dominant issues regarding the hospitality industry. In the hospitality industry mostly the multinational companies and sponsors invests their money for the development of the hospitality industry. These aspects reignite the unique characteristics of the hospitality industry, which is relating the unskilled labour issue with the Australian hospitality industry. By analyzing the environment of Australia the impacts of the unskilled labour can easily be understood (Humphreys Marchand, 2013). The research findings provide the details of the dominant aspect responsible for creating barriers to the growth of the hospitality industry in Australia. Importance of Human Resource Practices in hospitality industry: The main issue concerned in this paper is the problem rose regarding the unskilled labour in the hospitality industry. Human Resource Practices have broad role behind this aspect. Providence of proper skills is totally related to the human resource development plans (Lee-Ross, 2014). These practices are concerned about: training budgets, strategic human resource plans, career progression opportunities. All of these aspects are dependent on the size of the organization and their popularity in the market. in Australia 50% of the micro-business are operating in the regional areas of it. Skills are less among the regional areas in case of the hospitality industry, so to improvise the situation human resource plans can innovate new and impressive strategies to train the employees and worker in a very different way. In most of the cases the worker are rigid in nature about learning something new in field (Hoque, 2013). Factors influencing the skill shortage Required skills: According to the several studies performed on the skill sets required for the hospitality employees are literacy and numeracy, though the fundamental requirement of the hospitality industry are described by the characteristics of the aesthetic labour resources. The skills required as the fundamental part of the hospitality management are concerned with the demands of the customers. These demands of the customers are comprised of inter and intra personal skills of the employees, which provides the great importance to any hospitality organization (Hesford et al., 2016). These inter and intra personal skills are totally interrelated to the some other specific skills: problem solving, critical thinking, maintenance professional and emotional intelligence with proper leadership quality. Except all these factors the organization also needs the specific operational skills for the developmental aspect of the issues raised in case of the hospitality industry. Hospitality education provides th e detailed education about the curriculum about the customer needs. A recent hospitality program that was revealed by the authority of Australia are declared as too generic and compared to teaching materials which were too old for supplying the needed for satisfying the customer demands (Humphreys Marchand, 2013). The detailed study performed on the hospitality industry of Australia showed that the education providers were very much incongruence about what they are providing to their students. The students or the learner rather needs further training before entering the work place. One of the most important need of the hospitality industry is that the demands of this sector always varies according to the needs of the sub-sectors, which also addresses the needs of the SMEs across this sector. These needs are commonly ill-defined wither at the technical level or from the knowledge level (Robinson et al., 2014). This aspect mainly forces the education providers who are providing insufficient knowledge for practical purposes of the hospitality industry. Industry factors One of the largest factors influencing the hospitality industry is the poor reflection of the industry they shown by itself to their employees. This is the crucial factor which influences the industry from different perspectives. From the global point of view about the hospitality industry there are so many multi- national organizations that are providing so many opportunities to the employees for learning the techniques through the strategic human resource approach (Rolfe Hudson-Sharp, 2016). Though the reality is that, the hospitality industry is totally dominated by the SMEs. These aspects involves the low cost tourism, which offers low cost of labour According to the Australian industry structure it is noted that the lack of knowledge among the Australian graduates is responsible for the bad impact upon the recruitment and retention. Expectation of the employees Employment issue is described by the point of view of the satisfaction of the employees. From a few decades the employment issue elaborates that the employees are concerned about their vastly different expectations, which totally change the field of hospitality among employees. Rather than doing work during all the life and investing themselves toward a never ending working schedule they prefer to maintain balance among the working life and all leisure of life (Agrawal, 2016).The most important aspect for employing the people in the hospitality industry are: maintaining positive relationship with colleagues, continuous work scope and attractive learning opportunity. Dissatisfaction of the employee tends to their lack of interest in learning the practical aspects which are important for the development of the hospitality industry. The job variety should be provided to the employee for retaining their work culture, then only they will find interests in this field. The balanced environm ent in the hospitality industry attracts the employees more for learning the skills required. Industrial relations and governmental policies According to the global context about the hospitality industry there are so many options available for getting lower paid labour, which is reducing the chances of providing proper training to the unskilled labour (Ajufoh Ogwuche, 2016). Various organizations related to hospitality industry are getting the labour by providing low cost but the developmental aspect of skilled labour is ignored by the authority at that stage. In case of the Australian hospitality industry the main issue is related to the current industrial relations framework, which provides no more attractive prospective of the industry towards the employees. There is providence of incentives in this industry which will insist the employees to do their work properly. From this context it is crystal clear that there is not good industrial relations among the employees and the industry. In case of the governmental policies SMEs face more disadvantageous situation for he unfair dismissal laws applied by the government (Hagan et al., 2014).These aspects demotivate the employees for gaining knowledge through training. Important roles for development of hospitality industry: Role of academia: According to concerned needs of the hospitality industry the education providers should be more focused on the industry needs while providing training to the learner. In addition to this, they also should take care of the environment they are attached with and the skills they are providing to employees (Rok Mulej, 2014). The skills they are proving must be reactive as well as proactive. All of these factors are dependent on a fundamental factor: the capacity of the industry. The capacity of the industry leads to the understanding of the relationship between the government and Australian hospitality industry. Over last 20 years the industry shown unprecedented growth and also recognized for providing quality education according to the industry needs. Importance of collaboration There should be meaningful dialogue need between the education providers and the government policy makers. There are several companies and agencies who are coming forward for making collaboration with each other and also with the government for having a clear view point about the current issues and goals of the hospitality industry (Seekings Nattrass, 2015). This aspect can help the hospitality industry while unskilled labour can cause a massive problem to the industry and lack of collaborative approach between the organizations and government may leads to a critical situation for the learners. Collaborative understanding also makes the labour market attracted for developing the atmosphere. Another aspect of collaborative approach is that: within the hospitality industry some of the collaborative undertakings were gathering up together for true spirit of the knowledge of economy (Duncan et al., 2013). This is the reason why those venture achieved the remarkable success in terms of t heir delivering capacity for fulfilling the customer demands. Though there are negative aspect of this fact that there are several stakeholders, who were having lack of faith on the system rather than they are focusing in the collaborative approach of doing business, as this aspect leads to the solution of thee unskilled labour problem. Conclusion The literature review presented here is focusing on the problems rose in the hospitality industry due to the unskilled labour and skill shortage problem. The crisis in the Australian hospitality industry was mainly focused due to skill shortage problem and unskilled labour problem. These two aspects are crucial for maintaining the growth perspective of the industry. The processes responsible for this issue and workforce required are mentioned in details in this review. This paper has presented argue that, in order to discuss the current hospitality issue regarding labour problem is not a matter of fact until the collaboration approach comes into the play, because the collaborative approach for doing business is the key factor for resolving the problem of labour issues in the hospitality industry. There are different roles important for the unskilled labour problem, which are discussed here for achieving the success while solving the skill shortage problem in the Australian hospitalit y industry. Except these aspect there are several challenges faced by the hospitality industry is discussed according to the recent demands of the customers. The developmental and implementation aspects of new strategies guide the industry to resolve their unskilled labour and skill shortage problems. In addition to this, how the SMEs are dominating the hospitality industry is highlighted here according to the demands of the customers. References Agrawal, V. (2016).A Review of Indian Tourism Industry with SWOT Analysis.Journal of Tourism Hospitality,2016. Ajufoh, A. M. O., Ogwuche, A. H. (2016).Appraising The Effects Of Building Construction Activities On The Immediate Environment.Development,4(1). Boella, M., Goss-Turner, S. (2013).Human resource management in the hospitality industry: A guide to best practice. Routledge. Duncan, T., Scott, D. G., Baum, T. (2013). The mobilities of hospitality work: an exploration of issues and debates.Annals of Tourism Research,41, 1-19. Hagan, J., Demonsant, J. L., Chvez, S. (2014). Identifying and measuring the lifelong human capital of" unskilled" migrants in the Mexico-US migratory circuit.Journal on Migration and Human Security,2(2), 76. Hesford, J. W., Malina, M. A., Pizzini, M. (2016). Turnover and Unit-Level Financial Performance: An Analysis of the Costs and Benefits of Voluntary and Involuntary Turnover in Unskilled Jobs.Advances in Management Accounting (Advances in Management Accounting, Volume 26) Emerald Group Publishing Limited,26, 35-65. Hoque, K. (2013).Human resource management in the hotel industry: Strategy, innovation and performance. Routledge. Humphreys, B. R., Marchand, J. (2013). New casinos and local labor markets: Evidence from Canada.Labour Economics,24, 151-160. Lee-Ross, D. (2014). The job satisfaction-labour paradox: A case for cultural intervention in the hospitality industry.CAUTHE 2014: Tourism and Hospitality in the Contemporary World: Trends, Changes and Complexity, 353. Riley, M. (2014).Human resource management in the hospitality and tourism industry.Routledge. Robinson, R., Goh, E., Kraji, A., Solnet, D. S., Callan, V. J. (2014).An exploratory study of differences in hotel frontline occupations.CAUTHE 2014: Tourism and Hospitality in the Contemporary World: Trends, Changes and Complexity, 1088. Rok, M., Mulej, M. (2014).CSR-based model for HRM in tourism and hospitality.Kybernetes,43(3/4), 346-362. Rolfe, H., Hudson-Sharp, N. (2016). The impact of free movement on the labour market: case studies of hospitality, food processing and construction. Seekings, J., Nattrass, N. (2015). What is at issue in the minimum wage debate.Econ3x3, January.

Ethics and Business Management

Ethics in HR Management Creates Excellence for Stakeholders HR management is one of the most important processes that affect the development of the company. This is where ethics start as employees are exposed to the values and principles accepted in the company as well as in the business world (Weiss 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Business Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Admittedly, the ethical behavior of employees is beneficial for all stakeholders involved. Ethics in the workplace creates a positive atmosphere where employees respect and support each other. If a company has a set of specific ethical norms to follow, employees tend to act according to those rules. There is also clarity in actions as ethical norms help employees choose the right patterns for each situation (Weiss 2008). The company’s clients benefit from ethical HR management policies as they obtain qualifie d services. Clients also trust the company and feel secure, which is very important in business. Adherence to ethical norms also ensures the company’s safety as there can be no legal action against a company that follows ethical norms. Companies, where employees follow ethical conventions, can cooperate with each other as there are certain clarity and certainty in their activities. Therefore, it is possible to note that ethics in HR positively affects companies’ development. Ethics Is Useful in Business Adherence to ethical norms is important for business as it provides the business world with a certain kind of code of conduct. Ethics describes behavioral patterns in a variety of situations. Thus,the company’s actions to any situation can be easily predicted and assessed if the company follows ethical principles. Conducting in an ethical way helps the company create a positive image which will attract customers. Admittedly, people tend to address companies that have a favorable image, i.e. if companies conduct in accordance with major ethical norms.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, the favorable image will also attract investors, which is very important for any company. The company that adheres to major rules can easily get investment as investors can easily predict the way the company will function in this or that environment. Finally, adherence to ethical principles helps the company create proper partnerships. Ethics can become a universal regulatory system which will prevent various cases of misunderstanding (Weiss 2008). Companies following ethical norms move in a similar direction as they have similar values. Thus, it can also help businesses avoid legal actions as ethical conduct helps avoid illegal operations. A Specific Role in Times of Economic Crisis It has been acknowledged that the crisis of 2008 was caused by underestimation of risks which was a result of unethical behavior of companies that provided distorted data (Peck 2012). Some companies did not follow ethical norms as they provided unchecked or even wrong data to analysts who came to wrong conclusions. The crisis became an example of what can happen when businesses are run without adherence to ethical principles. Moreover, it is possible to claim that ethics can help in the period of crisis. People can become more thoughtful of ways they use. People have experienced the outcomes of unethical behavior and they have learnt the lesson. Now companies try to employ only secured data as well as provide only checked information to other stakeholders. This makes companies reliable and they develop favorable images. Of course, companies do not simply pay more attention to the reliability of the information provided but they follow other ethical norms as it is clear that breaking rules can lead to disastrous consequences in the globalize d world. This, in its turn, attracts clients and investors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Business Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, compliance with ethical norms in the period of crisis can help a business develop and remain competitive in the contemporary business world. Transparency as a Compulsory and Unavoidably Rule in Human Resources HR managers are â€Å"on the front line† as they assist managers to hire professionals (Weiss 2008, p.60). Transparency should be a core value of HR managers as they should understand their role in the company, i.e. they select people to work in specific areas. Other managers should have complete information on the newcomers to understand what tasks should be given. The newcomers should also have the necessary data to be able to fit the company and complete the tasks given. Finally, HR policies should be based on principles of transpar ency as employees should make a unified team where each member of the team trusts other members. Lack of information can lead to misunderstanding and even hostility which will negatively affect the overall performance of the department and the company. Nonetheless, it can also negatively affect the company. For instance, transparency of salaries or bonuses can lead to an unhealthy atmosphere where some employees envy others. Transparency can be also harmful in the period of cutting manpower as unhealthy competition will negatively affect each employee’s productivity. Employees can start focusing on their salaries and bonuses and their images rather than on proper completion of tasks and development of the company. Recognition Recognition is a set of ways aimed at appreciating employees’ dedication and excellence that had a number of favorable affects for the company or can potentially lead to such effects.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Peck, S 2012, Investment ethics, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ. Weiss, JW 2008, Business ethics: a stakeholder and issues management approach, South-Western College Pub, Mason, OH. This essay on Ethics and Business Management was written and submitted by user Justus Rowland to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on William James (1884)

William James (1884) proposed that we are afraid of the bear because we run, rather than we run because we are afraid. Discuss this in relation to how emotions occur. A key aspect of human behaviour is the ability to sense and feel emotions. Emotions are defined as phenomena that are perceived by the body that causes a reaction; often these responses have physiological characteristics. This essay will look at the many psychological/ biological theories and ideologies involved in the concept of emotion. Human kind has evolved over the years to accommodate innovations in its biological, physiological, psychological and social lifestyle. Information about the ways humans can live appropriately have been passed on since the beginning of creation. New data is also brought to attention as individuals have enhanced their intellect. The concept of emotion(s) is a subject closely tied to an individuals life; joy, anger, fear, happiness have long been with us. Emotions are a universal part of human life that is attached to every being and animals. The concept of emotions consists of four characteristics that affect each other in order to complete the whole emotional experience. The individual has certain feelings attributed to a certain emotion, e.g. if a criminal realises that there is a high possibility that they will be caught by police there will be feelings of guilt and nervousness. However these feelings are unique to individuals themselves and each scenario can have a different effect on individuals. The second aspect involved in the build up of emotions is ‘an action’ this again is a result of an experience felt by the individual. Psychological arousal is the third factor which looks at the psychological implications of the experience including the somatic and autonomic response. Motivation is also related to emotions, the individual is motivated to respond in a specific manner to fulfil the emotion. Many theories have bee... Free Essays on William James (1884) Free Essays on William James (1884) William James (1884) proposed that we are afraid of the bear because we run, rather than we run because we are afraid. Discuss this in relation to how emotions occur. A key aspect of human behaviour is the ability to sense and feel emotions. Emotions are defined as phenomena that are perceived by the body that causes a reaction; often these responses have physiological characteristics. This essay will look at the many psychological/ biological theories and ideologies involved in the concept of emotion. Human kind has evolved over the years to accommodate innovations in its biological, physiological, psychological and social lifestyle. Information about the ways humans can live appropriately have been passed on since the beginning of creation. New data is also brought to attention as individuals have enhanced their intellect. The concept of emotion(s) is a subject closely tied to an individuals life; joy, anger, fear, happiness have long been with us. Emotions are a universal part of human life that is attached to every being and animals. The concept of emotions consists of four characteristics that affect each other in order to complete the whole emotional experience. The individual has certain feelings attributed to a certain emotion, e.g. if a criminal realises that there is a high possibility that they will be caught by police there will be feelings of guilt and nervousness. However these feelings are unique to individuals themselves and each scenario can have a different effect on individuals. The second aspect involved in the build up of emotions is ‘an action’ this again is a result of an experience felt by the individual. Psychological arousal is the third factor which looks at the psychological implications of the experience including the somatic and autonomic response. Motivation is also related to emotions, the individual is motivated to respond in a specific manner to fulfil the emotion. Many theories have bee...

Rural Poverty and Microcredit in Third World Economies Essay

Rural Poverty and Microcredit in Third World Economies - Essay Example The traditional obsession with macro policies implemented at the state level has at most been disastrous. This, coupled with the inefficient delivery of aid to the poor nations, has only increased corruption, high and persistent inflation and unemployment, political repression and burdensome external and public sector debts (Woller and Wordworth 269) . This paper is divided into two parts. Part one looks at the latest strategy, microcredit, floated as a possible solution to ending rural poverty in Third World countries. Microcredit embodies the specific recognition that the lack of access to credit can be a limiting factor for significant numbers of the economically active poor. The second part seeks out a way through which the West can deliver aid effectively, efficiently and accountable to help combat rural poverty. The origins of microcredit Since the end of World War II few countries have moved from underdeveloped to developed status with the exception of the Asian tiger economi es. Though the reasons for this remain numerous and complex, Woller and Wordworth (268) attribute a large portion of the blame to widespread macro development policy failure. In the past it was believed that the best way to tackle poverty is through top-down, state-led development policies modeled on the experience of the Western industrial nations. These policies favored large-scale industrialization and concentration of economic power on elite groups. To make matters worse the international aid community reinforced the ills of these policies by pouring billions of dollars into numerous, and often dubious, large-scale state development projects (Woller and Wordsworth 268). Worse still, from the late 1960s, a rural alternative to the state-led modernization drive called the Green Revolution was initiated. The Green Revolution essentially forced Western agricultural practices on indigenous Third World peasant farmers, with many small family plots being expropriated by central gover nments and leased out to huge multinationals in the Europe and America. The end result of all these policies was uneven industrialization, high and persistent inflation and unemployment, endemic corruption, political repression and burdensome external and public sector debts (Woller and Wordsworth 269). In recent years economic growth has picked up creating a new sense of optimism for the Third World. However, even in a best-case scenario, it would be foolish to expect poverty eradication in these countries in the next few years. Woller and Wordsworth (270) are convinced that in the absence of policies that provide economic opportunities for the poor, macro development policies will continue to bypass the poor. What the Less Developed Countries (LDCs) need are small, concrete efforts that emanate from the grass-roots. The microcredit movement is part of this new paradigm that has emerged from the underground economy of the poor. The microcredit rationale Microcredit is defined as programs that extend small loans to poor people for self-employment projects that generate income (Woller and Wordsworth 267). With limited employment opportunities, in both rural and urban areas, millions of poor people in LDCs must earn their living through self-employment in the informal economy. This involves engaging in activities such as hawking, bicycle and/or rickshaw transportation, collecting scrap and running small shops. However, even these self-employment opportunities require capital for starting up, running or expansion.